Prof Frikkie Neser does not mince his words. In his opinion, South Africa’s 30-year-old meat classification has failed to keep up with scientific research. In addition, it does not reward cattlemen for specific meat qualities, such as taste and tenderness.
“It also needs to accommodate and equitably reward various production practices, including beef off the veld,” says Neser, who is at University of the Free State’s Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences.
He is particularly concerned about the current system’s impact on indigenous beef cattle production. Currently, the system is based on two main criteria: age and the amount of fat on the carcass. This means pre-two-tooth animals are classified as A-grade and one- to two-tooth as AB. Three- to six-tooth animals are classified as B-grade, and full-mouth and higher as C-grade.
According to Neser, much excellent, peer-reviewed research has been done on beef quality.
This has included collaborative research conducted in the early 2000s by South Africa’s Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and Australia’s Co-operative Research Centre for Beef. Studies found that Southern Africa’s indigenous Sanga breeds (Nguni, Afrikaner, Drakensberger and Tuli) had a high percentage of tenderness genes and outstanding meat tenderness qualities.
“Research by Dr Philip Strydom of the ARC also found little or no difference between the meat quality of indigenous and European/British breeds, as is sometimes claimed. Yet, the current system discriminates against indigenous breeds, which are early maturing and ideally suited to being marketed off the veld without the need for heavy supplementation,” explains Neser.
All over the world it is recognised that AB and older animals of all breeds have very tasty meat.
“But our current grading system doesn’t accommodate this fact, although the tenderness and taste can be as good if not better than younger, A Grade animals,” stresses Neser.
Price range
He stresses that beef classified as AB should be incorporated into the A-grade price range. In this way indigenous and other breeds and crossbreeds that are marketed off the veld would become viable as an alternative to feedlot-finished animals.
“But this isn’t happening and there’s no price reward for keeping animals on the veld for longer.” Statistics, he says, speak for themselves: 83% of beef slaughtered in the formal sector is classified as A-grade.
Behind the times
Because the meat classification system has not kept up with the times and the need for sustainably produced beef, SA production has been hit hard. “Many cattlemen have given up on purebred indigenous breeds such as the Nguni because of price discrimination, with feedlots paying R2/kg to R6/kg less for Nguni weaners and those of other indigenous breeds,” Neser charges.
This means that indigenous cattle numbers will increasingly decline, putting these breeds at risk. At the same time, mature cow weights of animals run under extensive conditions must be reduced. “We need medium-framed animals for production off the veld,” he stresses. “Large animals often don’t do well in an extensive veld system, unless heavily supplemented.”
Climate change
Climate change will also play a significant role. “Adaptability will in future become an extremely important quality. Indigenous breeds are the answer to climate change because of their special ability to adapt to heat,” Neser says. “This will be particularly important in the harsher fringe areas such as northern KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, the Northern Cape and the Karoo.”
The ARC’s Dr Michiel Scholtz concurs.
“We need to breed the correct breed and weight of animal for climate change. A cow of 400kg to 450kg weaning a calf of between 180kg and 200kg every year has a lower carbon and water footprint than a larger animal. I emphasise ‘annually’ because fertility is the key. If the current national commercial herd’s calving percentage of 65% can be increased to 80% in combination with appropriate size, it would significantly reduce the footprint,” he says.
Match the size
Two Master’s degree students at the ARC are currently researching the optimal cow size for different geographical areas determined by the type of environment and available amount of grass. Their preliminary results should be available by the end of 2015.
Scholtz stresses that structured crossbreeding is underutilised in South Africa’s commercial sector. He maintains that if smaller-framed, indigenous and composite breeds were crossed with beefier or British and European breeds, weaning efficiency could increase by up to 40%. This could contribute to the future survival of indigenous breeds, but only if cattlemen were adequately compensated in a revised classification system.
Other problems
In 2009, an ARC team was appointed to investigate the meat classification system. This culminated in a symposium at the ARC in November last year, where the Red Meat Producers’ Organisation (RPO) confirmed that the current system had certain shortcomings. One of these is that consumers and retailers often have difficulty understanding the system, and intensive consumer and retailer education is therefore necessary.
Correct labelling of meat products is also a concern – consumers and retailers need to understand exactly what they are buying. For example, retailers currently pay less for beef with the creamy-coloured or yellow fat characteristic of grass-fed, veld-reared cattle. Many retailers are not aware that it has been scientifically proven that creamier/yellower fat is more nutritious, with the correct balance of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids. Cattle in all age groups that are grass-fed, veld-raised or naturally fed have creamier/yellower fat.
Asked why the system had not already been improved, given all this research, Neser says that all the role players in the red meat industry would have to agree on a new system. “This include feedlots, as it would impact on their profitability. But the [RPO] symposium reached no agreement, other than to arrange another workshop with all role players attending.
“So, maybe there is still hope.”
Email Prof Frikkie Neser at [email protected].
Email Dr Michiel Scholtz at [email protected].